Willingness to Judge A deconstructive approach to Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter

Introduction The Scarlet Letter, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, has plenty of lessons for both psychotherapists and psychoanalysts. It can be argued that no other novel dwells so much on the in-depth examination of the conflicts, dynamics and defenses attributes of shame (Adamson 53).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Willingness to Judge: A deconstructive approach to Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although a number of critics on The Scarlet Letter have attributed Reverend Dimmesdale’s pain to guilt while Hester Prynne’s to shame, others suggest that both characters are distressed with shame. However, Dimmesdale’s pain is more severe than Hester’s because it is deeper and lethal (Kilborne 32). This paper will therefore attempt to analyze The Scarlet Letter through the glasses of deconstruction. This paper will focus on how Haw thorn uses a deconstruction method to analyze the Puritan reading. Special attention will be placed on the turnaround of the Puritans’ order of reading and writing with its related transcription of reading as the non-origin authenticity of writing. This paper will also talk about Dimmesdale and Hester and their conflicting views about the Puritan reading. Emphasis will also be laid on the significance of the scarlet letter imprinted on the bosom of Dimmesdale. Salvation and damnation argument According to Stewart, Hawthorne is considered to be a â€Å"Puritan of Puritans (16). But how can one attach a deconstructive of Puritanism to Hawthorne? Dimmesdale shouts, â€Å"Stand any here that question God’s judgment on a sinner? Behold! Behold a dreadful witness of it!† (Scheer 2). What ensues after this is unclear. â€Å"It was revealed!† Asserts the narrator, â€Å"but it were irrelevant to describe that revelation† (Scheer 2). It can be argued that the revelation is about the scarlet letter imprinted on the bare bosom of Dimmesdale. It can be assumed that the presence of this imprint of sin on Dimmesdale’s rear end is not precisely masked in mystery. On the other hand, it is also not clearly asserted. What the reader that ascertains from this context is the breaking of the spell that sets free Pearl’s tears and kisses and the concluding trade of words between the former treacherous partners.Advertising Looking for critical writing on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hester expresses the optimism that they use up their â€Å"immortal life together,† however, Dimmesdale scolds her when he says, â€Å"the law we broke!† (The sin here so terribly unveiled) let these unaided be in thy thoughts!† Later on, Dimmesdale shows gratitude to God for his â€Å"afflictions,† without which he believes he â€Å"would have bee n lost forever† (Scheer 2). Dimmesdale submits his soul by extolling the God’s name and asking for â€Å"His will to be done† (Scheer 2). A major part of the salvation and damnation argument in the critical canon is initiated by these last moments of Dimmesdale’s mortal life. The squabble on both sides-and the rationale of each side is in fact incontrovertible- center on either side of a symmetrical inquiry: if Dimmesdale assumes that he is damned, he is saved; if he assumes that he is saved, he is damned. The argument put forward by Edward Davidson (among the formidable in the damned theory) appeals to the Romantic and Puritan theories of the Fall: Dimmesdale’s solipsistic partition of the spirit from the body (90). This argument posits that Dimmesdale incorrectly points sin to the body rather than to the spirit and therefore assumes that he is saved (Davidson 90). Some of the proofs that Dimmesdale puts forward to sustain his assumption is Mistres s Hibbins’s acknowledgment of Dimmesdale’s as being part of the Black Man. Davidson asserts that Mistress Hibbins, prior to the public confession made by Dimmesdale, is aware of the minister’s situation with unrivaled clarity (86). Accordingly, there is a debatable gap in the logic of this edition of the damned theory. The gist of the matter is when Dimmesdale agrees to Hester’s plan to run away. Dimmesdale knows that he is damned because even his ensuing public declaration of guilt is not enough to turn things around. With respect to the logic of salvation, Dimmesdale’s public admission is absolutely unnecessary (Scheer 3). Deconstruction of the Puritans In what ways does Hawthorn presents his deconstruction of the Puritan community? The exact form this deconstruction occurs is the turnaround of the order of reading/writing with its associated transcription of reading as the non-origin authentic of writing. The quality of Puritan reality is based on a reading of selected Scriptures and texts (that are unreasonably factual text).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Willingness to Judge: A deconstructive approach to Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is of necessity to acknowledge that the Puritan community asserts the texts themselves fairly than their reading of the pertinent transcripts as the basis upon which the quality of their realism rests. The manner in which Puritans’ reading are conveyed by Hawthorne in The Scarlet Letter institutes theocracy that mirrors Nietzsche’s maxim which postulates that facts do not exist in the real world, only interpretations do (Nietzsche 267). This implies that the arrangements made by Hawthorne with regards to the production and sustaining of the Puritan’s are based on the adage that social truths are creations grounded upon a circular read ing. The truth is founded by a reading of the root of the reality in question where in every case the ensuing fact is an occulted form of the reading. What implores the query is the reading (understanding) which acquiesces the reading. However, the fundamental (the productive) explanation is actually a type of writing-while-reading. Heidegger asserts that an interpretation is in no way an assumption-less understanding of a concept conveyed to us (191). This implies that if we appeal to what stands there, then we discover that what stands there in the initial case is nothing apart from the apparent un-discussed conjecture†¦ of the individual who performs the interpretation (Heidegger 192). It will be inappropriate to designate this interpretation as a type of reading. This implies that what is read constitutes what is written in the manner of reading. It is this previous writing that is occulted- reading in the normal manner, which is, the second phrase of the order of writing/r eading. Moreover, it is based on this occulting that Hawthorne’s deconstruction regarding the basis of the Puritans reveals. In other words, the truth is blameworthy and utter truth cannot be fortuitous (Kilborne 471). This is exactly what the Puritans’ ruthless and inflexible reading of the Scriptures and associated texts (which are usually interpretations) fail to accept. Paradoxically, the Scripture both verifies and discards all human power that compares itself with the godly.Advertising Looking for critical writing on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Bible (the Writing) is a Reading that usually re-writes the readings. This aspect of the Scripture (readings/writings) begs the question: Were there defects in the original truths? In other words, one could argue that what is reflected in Hawthorne’s argument about the Puritans mirrors that concealed defect of the truth where all answers are simply fragmented questions (Scheer 12). Examples of Hawthorne’s Claims There are numerous examples in the texts to substantiate Hawthorne’s claims. A few examples should be enough. For instance, Hawthorne narrates about the earliest practical for prison and cemetery envisaged by the Puritan constructors for their â€Å"Utopia of human virtue and happiness† (47). This stems from the Puritan community’s reading of the outcomes of the Fall (to appeal to common sense here would simply invoke the question given that prisons and cemeteries did not exist in the pre-lapsarian ecstasy of paradise). The society of à ¢â‚¬Å"religion and law† (Hawthorne 50) erected by the Puritan community in the wilderness and the periphery of the New World is therefore overwhelmed from the onset by a post-edenic autocracy which fails to acknowledge (ironically in the same manner of recognizing) that the first sin has indefinitely prevented humankind from achieving human happiness and virtues on earth. Therefore, prisons and cemeteries constitute a segment of the text marked on the wilderness. According to a reading of the Scriptures (which is also a reading), both prisons and cemeteries are imprinted on earth to serve as punishment to humans from the beginning (Scheer 13). It is important to note that sustained reading also isâ€Å"writing† in itself. However, what is read does not automatically imply what was written in the first case. As a matter of fact, it is by virtue of this unexplained inconsistency between writing and reading that Hawthorne exploits in his deconstruction of the Puritan commu nity. Again, this reading/writing signs abound in Hawthorne’s book. Consequently, the â€Å"grim rigidity verdict† (punishment) imposed by the Puritans upon Hester Prynne turns into a â€Å"living sermon against sin† (Hawthorne 63). The present of the scarlet letter on the bosom of Hester is thus not only a type of â€Å"writing† in the accurate sense but also in the figurative manner of the phrase. â€Å"This writing derives is based on the violent and forcible alteration of the camouflage into a disclosure grounded on a broad though aggregating Puritan reading which, according to the â€Å"grim beadle†, gets its collective sanction from the violent and forceful writing of a communal structure† (Hawthorne 56). The creative manner in which Hester â€Å"writes† her letter â€Å"A† is ambiguous to the bleak texture of Puritans’ realism where the alteration of the camouflage into disclosure as reflected in this case by lett er â€Å"A† automatically becomes manifest. In addition, the symbol of sin is a ploy, the archetype of all workings of art being the mastermind of the Fall (Scheer 14). The inconsistency between the writing and reading becomes manifest to the reader who understands that not only is Hester symbolized by the Scarlet letter but also obscured by it. Hester is not only concealed by the letter from â€Å"human charities† (Hawthorne 81), it also gives her liberty to speculate. If the Puritans knew about this, they would have considered it a deadlier offense than the disgrace caused by the Scarlet letter. This uneven link between the signifier and the signified prolongs further to Puritan members’ majority of whom declined to construe the scarlet ‘A’ by its initial meaning (Hawthorne 164). Thus, the concealment of what is made obvious is the self-deconstructive aspect that Hawthorne presents in his texts. What is reflected in Hawthorne’s text is a ty pe of imprinting that his text must both impulsively reveal and repeat. Accordingly, his writing reflects the reading of the Puritan writing/reading of a reality produced by the imprinting of the Scriptures and associated texts regarding the reality in question. For instance, as Hester evaluates her past experiences that have contributed to the stalemate of the scaffold, where she is compelled to disclose her own scarlet letter and its existing counterpart (Pearl, considered by Puritans as a symbol of adultery, a living disclosure of prior hidden sin) crafted by both Hester and her hidden counterpart. Hester is thinking about a â€Å"new life† that is yet â€Å"feeding on time-worn materials†¦on a crumbling wall† (Hawthorne 58).  According to this sentence, Hester is not only thinking about the dissimilarity between the New and Old World bust also the remains of the concept of the lost paradise (the collapsing of the barricades of Eden, once a place of happiness ). Thus, Hawthorne’s text has plenty of scriptural examples of inter-textuality that imprint themselves on a texture that is eventually vital with respect to text-making by Puritans (Scheer 15). The compulsive nature of Hawthorne’s text (exposure/recurrence) makes the Scarlet Letter a fascinating book for deconstruction. The link between art and sin in Hawthorne’s book has attracted abundant treatment in the critical law. On the other hand, Hawthorne’s text faces both approval and rejection with regard to this connection. For example, Leslie Fiedler makes a comment about the letter â€Å"A†. He asserts that this letter â€Å"may have represented to Hawthorne not only Adultery but Art,† by â€Å"involving precisely that adornment of guilt by craft which he attributes to Hester’s prototype† (Fiedler 237). On the other hand, Claudia Johnson considers the â€Å"productive irritant† that drives Hawthorne into art as the †Å"sinful† dismissal of art which Hawthorne had come across in numerous instances (8). Ironically, this same accusation can be traced in Hawthorne’s text. It is wrong to assume that Hawthorne is disrespectful of art. On the contrary, he senses that he has justifications to be wary of the artistic undertaking preciously because of the unforeseeable twist it make assume. The Puritan’s Dilemma The deconstructive venture evident in Hawthorne’s romance is itself a sign of defiance per excellence. Although it is not aptly expressed in many words, its more telling statement is that the Puritan creation of reality (based on imprinting and writing/reading) is a ploy which is almost permanently subdued. The Fall remains the source of this subdued art although in the case (Fall) of Puritan power, the exact sin under consideration here is the arrogant manner in which humankind usurp divinity and pretend to dispense God-like judgment (Scheer 16). The Puritan dedication to the disclosure of hidden sin repetitively lends credence to creative arrangements (dignitaries on the balconies, pillories, scaffolds, etc) without which the intended disclosure of hidden sin would be impossible. To be certain, Hawthorne makes it obvious that the Puritans were cautious of the any kind of pretentious ploy or ceremony, essentially considering it as wicked, they were nonetheless â€Å"native Englishmen†¦of the Elizabethan epoch† (Hawthorne 230). For example, Kenneth Murdock countless illustrations of the impasse Puritan divines encountered as they attempted to convey their religious tenets (34). He asserts that although Catholics and Anglicans both used organ music, incense, and other instruments in their religious activities, to Puritans, this was a testimony of their sinful ignorance of Scripture (Murdock 34). As a result, the Puritans rejected the use of metaphors, especially those that appealed to the sense, in religious worship. Here, the link betwe en metaphor and sin is fairly clear according to Puritan’s imagination. The Puritan divine were even compelled to acknowledge, rather unwillingly, that the Holy Scriptures contain metaphors that appeal to senses. The explanation for this is not difficult to unravel. Given that we are imperfect, we are unable to appreciate any language that fails to appeal to the senses. Although such appeal is essential and useful, it is nonetheless unacceptable (Scheer 17). Hawthorne’s romance mirrors this Puritan predicament in a true historical fashion. It not only dwells on their religious tenets but also focuses on their political rituals. For instance, during the Election Day, Hawthorne asserts that had they maintained their traditional taste, the New England colonizers might have demonstrated all ceremonies of public merit by banquets, bonfires, and processions and pageantries (230). Although, during Election Day, there was some semblance of this sort, what the Puritans forbade is specifically the humor, the mischievous and the potentially insubordination (which would be synonymous to metaphors that are deemed indecent because they appeal to senses). Therefore, Hawthorn informs us there were no minstrel, no offensive shows, and no juggler, with his deceptions of imitating witchcraft. All this activities were banned by the stiff laws of Puritans (Hawthorne 231). The repression of artifice of potentially impish appeals to the senses, of historically pretentious political and religious traditions, ceremonies or rites becomes- according to the narrator- the symbol of an unconscious suppression of the creativity which is nonetheless the basis of the Puritan society and their writing/reading of reality. It is also the foundation of the Puritan’s idea of a bleak and firm version of the human/divine dichotomy. However, in spite of the Puritan’s distaste for artifice, they remain unwilling dramatists and rhetoricians. On the same note, there is no gap of uncertainty in the framework they imprint on the facade of their reality. Accordingly, it can be argued that The Scarlet Letter is not a disclaimer of the religious whims but a deconstruction of its gloomy absolutist aggregation. It is the absence of a redemptive fault in their theology that remains-according to the narrator-the incorrigible fault of the Puritans (Scheer 19). The issue of the scarlet letter stamped on the bosom of Dimmesdale lends credence to the paradigm signified by the gap between the consciousness of the minister to the Puritan’s principles and his cataleptic romanticism. It is the former that compels him to make a public confession. On the other hand, it is the latter that permits him (the minister) to consent to Hester’s evaluation of their illegitimate affair, â€Å"what we did had a consecration of its own† (Hawthorne 195). Without doubt, it is not possible to attribute Puritanism vs. romanticism to the narrator. The alienated outloo k of Hester with respect to human institutions (regarding whatever is established by the legislators or priests and making summary criticism without any reverence) may have liberated her. On the other hand, it taught some important lessons (Hawthorne 199). Dimmesdale is tortured by the disparity between what his real personality and what he appears to be. Hester, also experiences the same disparity. However, she uses it to rebuff the system. Hawthorne tells us; â€Å"wild, heathen Nature has never been subjugated by human law, or†¦illuminated by higher truth† (203). This implies that Hester’s suppression by the Puritan tenets is peripheral (Scheer 20). As readers, we cannot tell if Dimmesdale has agreed to escape with Hester, her illicit lover. Dimmesdale â€Å"fancied himself inspired† (Hawthorne 225). It can be deduced from this statement that Dimmesdale disapproves the apparent link between art and sin, which is the unavoidable outcome of the Fall, the b iblically corroborated origin of both art and sin. It is this denial of the fault of truth and sin of the art that is liable for hollowing the scarlet letter on the bosom of Dimmesdale. Hawthorne’s deconstructive argument should be emphasized here: it does not carry much weight whether it is present or not for nothing that is simply imprinted is actually there at all, in spite of the fact that it is. Works Cited Adamson, Joseph. Guardian of the inmost me. SUNY Press: Albany, 2009. Print Davidson, Edward H. Dimmesdale’s Fall. The Scarlet Letter. Ed. John C. Gerber. Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1963. Print Fiedler, Leslie. Love and Death in the American Novel. Del – Delta: New York, 1966. Print Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. Ed. William Charvat et al. Ohio UP: Columbus, 1850. Print Heidegger, Martin. Sein und Zeit. Being and Time. Ed. John Macquarie and Edward Robinson. Harper Rowe: New York, 1927. Print Johnson, Claudia D. The Producti ve Tension of Hawthorne’s Art. The U of Alabama P: Alabama, 1981. Print Kilborne, Benjamin. Disappearing Persons: Shame and Appearance. SUNY Press: Albany, 2002. Print Murdock, Kenneth B. Literature and Theology in Colonial New England. Harper Torch books: New York, 1949. Print Nietzsche, Friedrich. 1901. Der Wille zur Macht. The Will to Power. Ed. Walter Kaufmann and R.J. Hollingdale. Random House – Vintage: New York, 1901. Print Scheer, Steven C. Errors of Truth: Deconstruction in The Scarlet Letter. 2001. Web. http://www.stevencscheer.com/scarletletter.htm Stewart, Randall. American Literature and Christian Doctrine. Louisiana UP: Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1958. Print This critical writing on Willingness to Judge: A deconstructive approach to Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter was written and submitted by user Helen Lamb to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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It could also keep employees from accessing necessary applications, emails, and work on time sensitive projects. Software Vulnerability Agreeing to Microsoft Visual Studio (2008), the Team Foundations Server (TFS) is a software implement that offers project administration abilities, recording, work stalking, and source control. Team foundations server also holds a data warehouse where all data from testing implements, source control, and item tracking are stored. QWD customs TFS in its business routes as a warehouse of custom applications, procedural written scripts, and web site templates. The TFS warehouse contains a database code source, an application server, and a web server. QWDs TFS server is placed at their corporate office, though it can also be opened distantly by Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) tunnel connecting the corporate office to the database server. TFS has a cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability that may give an unofficial remote attacker admission to an application (Cisco, n.d.). XSS is in the list of the top 10 web application vulnerabilities and signifies 26 percent of assaults from a review done by the Open Web Application Security Project (Nithya, Pandian, Malarvizhi, 2015). The vulnerability is a result of not sufficient confirmation on user-supplied input in constraints referred to the exaggerated application. A remote attacker who has not been authenticated may use the vulnerability to convince a QWD user to follow a malicious link that leads to a malicious site and use deceptive instructions to convince the user to click the link. If the remote attacker is successful, they can execute cross-site scripting attacks and can motive severe security damages such as cookie hold up and account hijacking (Shar Tan, 2012). The vulnerability will result in insignificances to assignment serious business procedure since the attacker can increase access to QWDs intranet, Microsoft Share Point, the web server, and cookie-based validation. The assailant can delete or alter QWD website patterns and custom written scripts that are deposited on the server. In addition, QWDs competitive advantage will be exaggerated by the damage of integrity, loss of key customers and associates. Reserved data can be sold to competitors making QWD suffer losses and bear the cost of repair. Summary In any organization, the corporation must take into explanation any security matters that can offend the company, employees, and its customers. QWD must take into account the vulnerabilities related to its technological procedure and how it can mark the business. It is main to look at the software and security policy vulnerabilities and how to defend the company from any probable pressures and threats. It is supposed that by addressing the satisfactory use policy of company equipment for private use and the wireless access points of company laptops, this can aid in keeping the company network more secure. References Clancy, Heather. (2011). Mobile device security strategies. Retrieved on March 21, 2012, from http://searchnetworkingchannel.techtarget.com/feature/Mobile-device-security-strategies Defending Cell Phones and PDAs Against Attack (2006 August 9). Retrieved on March 21, 2012, from http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/tips/ST06-007.html Elliott, Christopher. (2011) Retrieved on April 10, 2012, from http://www.microsoft.com/business/en-us/resources/technology/broadband-mobility/6-wireless-threats-to-your-business.aspx?fbid=Hsna4GJxWrg Employee Internet Use. Retrieved on March 29, 2012, from http://www.connections-usa.com/employee-internet-usage.html Evil Twin. Retrieved on April 4, 2012, from http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/evil-twin Hotspot Usage to Reach 120 Billion Connects by 2015, Says In-Stat (2011 August 29). Retrieved on March 29, 2012, from http://www.prweb.com/releases/2011/8/prweb8751194.htm MiFiÂÂ ® 4082 Intelligent Mobile Hotspot. Retrieved from http://www.novatelwireless.com/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=276:mifir-4082-intelligent-mobile-hotspotcatid=19:mifiItemid=12 Mobile Broadband Cards. Retrieved on April 10, 2012, from http://www.todayswirelessworld.com/mobile-broadband-cards/ Mobile Broadband Cards

Business Decision Making Assiment Essay

You should sign this sheet to show that you comply with these regulations. Student’s Signature Date Acknowledgement I take this chance to thank Miss. M. PriyanthimalaWho helped me to improve and developed this particular project. She explained well about the project and sacrificed her most of the time to explain and also made sure that all the students understood. She was ready to help out in any time and gave her full support for this particular project. I finally would like to thank my parents, friends and others for helping to do this project. Thank you TASKS| PAGE NO| Task 01| 04| Task 02| 09| Task 03| 14| Task 04| 16| Task 05| 24| Task 06| 27| Task 07| 31| Task 08| 32| Task 09| 34| Task 10| 35| Task 11| 38| Task 12| 43| Task 13| 44| Task 14| 47| Task 15| 49| Reference | 51| Task 1 T 1. 1 Difference between a sample and a population Population| Sample| * Population is the area in which you are trying to get information from. * This meaning of population is also used in survey research, but this is only one of many possible definitions of population. Examples: Cedar Crest students; trees in North America; automobiles with four wheels; people who consume olive oil. | * Sample is a section of your population that you are actually going to survey. It is important to have a sample that will represent your entire population in order to minimize biases. Survey research is based on sampling, which involves getting information from only some members of the population. * Samples can be drawn in several different ways, such as probability samples, quota samples, purposive samples, and volunteer samples. Examples assuming the populations stated above: 47 Cedar Crest students chosen randomly; 8463 trees randomly selected in North America; 20 sample autos from each make (e. g. , GM, Ford, Toyota, Honda, etc. ); 1% of the oil consuming population per country| T 1. 2 Describe the advantages of sampling * Sampling  saves money  as it is much cheaper to  collect  the desired information from a small  sample  than from the whole population. * Sampling  saves a lot of time and energy as the needed data are collected and processed much faster than census information. And this is a very important consideration in all types of investigations or surveys. * Sampling  provides information that is almost as accurate as that obtained from a complete census; rather a properly designed and carefully executed  sample  survey will provide more accurate results. Moreover, owing to the reduced volume of work, persons of higher caliber and properly trained can be employed to analyze the data. * Sampling  makes it possible to obtain more detailed information from each unit of the  sample  as collecting data from a few units of the population (i. e. ample) can be more complete and thorough. * Sampling  is essential to obtaining the data when the measurement process  physically  damages or destroys the  sampling  unit under  investigation. For example, in order to measure the average lifetime of  light bulbs, the measurement process destroys the  sampling  units, i. e. the bulbs, as they are used until they burn out. A manufacturer will therefore use only a  sample  of  light bulbs  for this purpose and will not burn out all the bulbs produced. Similarly, the whole pot of soup cannot be tasted to determine if it has an acceptable flavor. Sampling  may be the only means available for obtaining the needed information when the population appears to be infinite or is inaccessible such as the population of mountainous or thickly forested areas. In such cases, taking $ complete census to  collect  data would neither be  physically  possible nor practically feasible. * Sampling  has much smaller â€Å"non-response†, following up of which is much easier. The term non-response means the no availability of information from some  sampling  units included in the  sample  for any reason such as failure to locate or measure some of the units, refusals, not-at-home, etc. Sampling  is extensively used to obtain some of the census information. * The most important advantage of   sampling  is that it provides a valid measure of reliability for the  sample  estimates  and this is one of the two basic purposes of  sampling. * Reliability: If we collect the information about all the units of population, the collected information may be true. But we are never sure about it. We do not know whether the information is true or is completely false. Thus we cannot say anything with confidence about the quality of information. We say that the reliability is not possible. This is a very important advantage of sampling. The inference about the population parameters is possible only when the sample data is collected from the selected sample. * Sometimes the experiments are done on sample basis. The fertilizers, the seeds and the medicines are initially tested on samples and if found useful, then they are applied on large scale. Most of the research work is done on the samples. * Sample data is also used to check the accuracy of the census data. T 1. 3 Difference between primary data and secondary data T1. 4 Difference between a statistic and a parameter Parameter is any characteristic of the population. Statistic on the other hand is a characteristic of the sample. Statistic is used to estimate the value of the parameter. Note that the value of statistic changes from one sample to the next which leads to a study of the sampling distribution of statistic. When we draw a sample from a population, it is just one of many samples that might have been drawn and, therefore, observations made on any one sample are likely to be different from the ‘true value’ in the population (although some will be the same). Imagine we were to draw an infinite (or very large) number of samples of individuals and calculate a statistic, say the arithmetic mean, on each one of these samples and that we then plotted the mean value obtained from each sample on a histogram (a chart using bars to represent the number of times a particular value occurred). This would represent the sampling distribution of the arithmetic mean. T1. 5 Define sampling errors with example? Sampling error is an error that occurs when using samples to make inferences about the populations from which they are drawn. There are two kinds of sampling error: random error and bias. Random error is a pattern of errors that tend to cancel one another out so that the overall result still accurately reflects the true value. Every sample design will generate a certain amount of random error. Bias, on the other hand, is more serious because the pattern of errors is loaded in one direction or another and therefore do not balance each other out, producing a true distortion. These are the errors which occur due to the nature of  sampling. The  sample  selected from the population is one of all possible samples. Any value calculated from the  sample  is based on the sample  data and is called  sample  statistic. Task 2 T2. 1 Advantages and disadvantages of arithmetic mean. Advantages * Fast and easy to calculate- As the most basic measure in statistics,  arithmetic average is very easy to calculate. For a small data set, you can calculate the arithmetic mean quickly in your head or on a piece of paper. In  computer programs  like Excel, the arithmetic average is always one of the most basic and best known functions. Here you can see the  basics of arithmetic average calculation. * Easy to work with and use in further analysis- Because its calculation is straightforward and its meaning known to everybody,  arithmetic average  is also more comfortable to  use as input to further analyses and calculations. When you work in a team of more people, the others will much more likely be familiar with  arithmetic average  than  geometric average  or  mode. Disadvantages * Sensitive to extreme values- Arithmetic average is extremely sensitive to extreme values. Therefore,  arithmetic average  is not the best measure to use with data sets containing a few extreme values  or with more  dispersed (volatile) data sets  in general. Median  can be a better alternative in such cases. * Not suitable for time series type of data- Arithmetic average  is perfect for measuring central tendency when you’re working with data sets of independent values taken at one point of time. There was an example of this in one of the previous articles, when we were  year. However, in finance you often work with percentage returns over a series of multiple time periods. For  calculating average percentage return over multiple periods of time,  arithmetic average is useless; as it fails to take the different basis in every year into consideration (100% equals a different price or portfolio value at the beginning of each year). The more volatile the returns are, the more significant this weakness of arithmetic average is. Here you can see the example and reason why  arithmetic average fails when measuring average percentage returns over time. * Works only when all values are equally important- Arithmetic average treats all the individual observations equally. In finance and investing, you often need to work with unequal weights. For example, you have a portfolio of stocks and it is highly unlikely that all stocks will have the same weight and therefore the same impact on the total performance of the portfolio. Calculating the average performance of the total portfolio or a basket of stocks is a typical case when  arithmetic average is not suitable  and it is better to use weighted average instead. You can find more details and an example here:  Why you need weighted average for calculating total portfolio return. T2. 2 Comparative picture of median, mode, mean The Median The Median is the ‘middle value’ in your list. When the totals of the list are odd, the median is the middle entry in the list after sorting the list into increasing order. When the totals of the list are even, the median is equal to the sum of the two middle (after sorting the list into increasing order) numbers divided by two. Thus, remember to line up your values, the middle number is the median! Be sure to remember the odd and even rule. That is, if the data is in meters, the standard deviation is in meters as well. The variance is in meters2, which is more difficult to interpret. Neither the standard deviation nor the variance is robust to outliers. A data value that is separate from the body of the data can increase the value of the statistics by an arbitrarily large amount. The mean  absolute deviation (MAD) is also sensitive to outliers. But the MAD does not move quite as much as the standard deviation or variance in response to bad data. The  interquartile range (IQR) is the difference between the 75th and 25th percentile of the data. Since only the middle 50% of the data affects this measure, it is robust to outliers. T3. 2 What are the different characteristics of the following measures of dispersion. The  range  is the simplest measure of  dispersion. The range can be thought of in two ways. 1. As a quantity: the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. 2. As an interval; the lowest and highest scores may be reported as the range. By far the most commonly used measures of dispersion in the social sciences are  variance  and  standard deviation. Variance  is the average squared difference of scores from the mean score of a distribution.

African American civil Essay

Analyze the changes that occurred during the 1960s in the goals, strategies, and support of the movement for African American civil rights. Before the 1960’s, African American civil rights were severely encroached upon. All aspects of American life, from hospitals to schools to water fountains, were segregated,. Literacy tests, poll taxes, the grandfather clause, and pure intimidation kept African Americans out of the polls. The 1960s, the peak years of the civil rights movement, showed changes in the goals of the civil rights movement, evolving from desegregation to voting rights to equal economic opportunity; the accompanying strategiesshifted accordingly with the goals, litigation being more popular during the first goal; and the civil rights movement gained support from whites, including some prominent leaders, but lost some black support, as it progressed. The goals of the African American civil rights movement changed as a catalysts provoked change, or the goals were achieved: the first goal, desegregation, lasted from 1947-1963; the goal of voting rights extended from 1963-1965, and the last goal – equal economic opportunity and improving urban conditions, officially lasted from 1965-1968. In the early 1960s, the civil rights movement focused on targeting the rampant segregation. The movement continued to win desegregation victories through the other strategies, finally culminating in Johnson’s 1964 Civil Rights Act, which outlawed segregation in public accommodations and was specific to prevent the loopholes that other desegregation laws had contained. However, in September 1963, the Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama was bombed, killing four black girls. The shock and disgust that the African American community felt at the bombing caused the civil rights movement to schism. The two options were to shift the movemen t or become violent. As a result, the movement changed to focus on achieving voting rights, so that blacks could elect political.

Women in Arab world Essays

Women in Arab world Essays Women in Arab world Essay Women in Arab world Essay Professional Development Competencies 1211-105 Q3. Discuss the position of women in Middle Eastern society as Scarbor- ough presents the subject. If you were training a small group of Arab engineers and accountants for Jobs in multinational companies, what advice would you give them? Women in Arab world Women in Arab society are facing big issues. They being persecution by men and they are not having their complete right. Actually, Scarborough mentions these issues in his article Arab World and Islam. He talks about women right in Arab world in three main issues, possibility to work, unable to drive, and fiercely by men. According to Scarborough womens possibilities to work are way less than men. Even though women have the knowledge and the experience that allow them to work in many places, they cannot have the same options as men especially on open areas where women and man are not separated. In fact, some countries stared to recognize women much better than before. However, there are few countries in Arab world still aving this issue such as Saudi Arabia.. The author Scarborough also talked women drivers in some Arab countries. However, now women driving issues is being recognized by the government. Many Arabian Gulf countries have these issues several years ago and now women can drive and they can go wherever they want to go. However, yet in Saudi Arabia women cannot drive and women still facing this problem. As matter of fact, there are some Bedouin women who live out of the cities drive and can go to the market with themselves. The government of Saudi Arabia is saying women will driving soon in this country but when the society get better understanding about women driver. According to Scarborough women in Arab world are been fiercely by men. In my opinion this is a wrong statement. Women in most of Arab countries have the right to do whatever they want. For example, if woman want to married and she agreed no one can stop her from marrying. Moreover, if women want to open their own business they can do it freely. During years ago Scarboroughs statement was a orrect statement about women in Arab world. However, women glass sealing has been broken. Finally, women in Arab world are facing many challenges to get their right. They are trying to make it clear that women are the same as men in working fields. Also, they need to have the right to allow them to drive in some countries. In addition, women have passed the fiercely by men and they now have much better freedom than before. However, they still have to ask for their right in many situations. By AbdulrahmanAlshehri

Free Essays on Costa Rica

Geographical Analysis of Costa Rica 1. The political capital of Costa Rica is San Jose. It is a country that was colonized by the Spanish then continued to be neutral during the surrounding countries political battles. Costa Rica is a Latin American success story. It rests in the heart of Central America. It has two coastal plains divided by many volcanoes and rugged mountains. Its tropical environment provides a number of resources. It relies heavily on hydropower for electricity. They are involved in the coffee, banana and sugar markets. It has highly agricultural economy with a booming tourism and technology industries. It is still a heavily Christian culture which results in male dominance. 2. Table 1 presents Costa Rica’s population profile in terms of urbanization rate, estimated population, total fertility rate, annual growth rate, birth and death rates, life expectancy at birth, infant mortality rate and dependency ratio. By analyzing this table and relating this data to the data of neighboring counties there is a perspective put into the level of development of Costa Rica. Costa Rica has the highest GDP in Central America. In relation to the rest of Latin America, it is a fairly stable country. The total fertility rate is just around the replacement level keeping their population growth rate down. This contrasts with Guatemala’s 4.8 TFR. Having a low TFR reflects on what stage of the demographic transition Costa Rica is in. Table 1: Urbanization Rate Est. Population (millions) Annual Growth Rate TFR Birth Rate (births/1000 population) Death Rate (births/1000 population) Life Expectancy at Birth (male/female) Infant Mortality Rate (deaths/1000 live births) Dependency Ratio Costa Rica 3.70% 3.89 1.56% 2.38 19.4 4.31 74/79 10.65 35/64 Looking at the data in Table 1, one can determine the stage of the demographic transition of Costa Rica. My analysis leads me to conclude that Costa Rica is at the end of stage... Free Essays on Costa Rica Free Essays on Costa Rica Geographical Analysis of Costa Rica 1. The political capital of Costa Rica is San Jose. It is a country that was colonized by the Spanish then continued to be neutral during the surrounding countries political battles. Costa Rica is a Latin American success story. It rests in the heart of Central America. It has two coastal plains divided by many volcanoes and rugged mountains. Its tropical environment provides a number of resources. It relies heavily on hydropower for electricity. They are involved in the coffee, banana and sugar markets. It has highly agricultural economy with a booming tourism and technology industries. It is still a heavily Christian culture which results in male dominance. 2. Table 1 presents Costa Rica’s population profile in terms of urbanization rate, estimated population, total fertility rate, annual growth rate, birth and death rates, life expectancy at birth, infant mortality rate and dependency ratio. By analyzing this table and relating this data to the data of neighboring counties there is a perspective put into the level of development of Costa Rica. Costa Rica has the highest GDP in Central America. In relation to the rest of Latin America, it is a fairly stable country. The total fertility rate is just around the replacement level keeping their population growth rate down. This contrasts with Guatemala’s 4.8 TFR. Having a low TFR reflects on what stage of the demographic transition Costa Rica is in. Table 1: Urbanization Rate Est. Population (millions) Annual Growth Rate TFR Birth Rate (births/1000 population) Death Rate (births/1000 population) Life Expectancy at Birth (male/female) Infant Mortality Rate (deaths/1000 live births) Dependency Ratio Costa Rica 3.70% 3.89 1.56% 2.38 19.4 4.31 74/79 10.65 35/64 Looking at the data in Table 1, one can determine the stage of the demographic transition of Costa Rica. My analysis leads me to conclude that Costa Rica is at the end of stage... Free Essays on Costa Rica Costa Rica Set in Central America, with both a Pacific and Caribbean coast line, Costa Rica is the jewel of Central America. The country’s beautiful natural attractions, wildlife, and knowledge of the extreme friendliness of the Ticos, as the Costa Rican’s call themselves, invites tourists from all over the world to visit there land. The Ticos pride themselves on the peacefulness of the country- being located in between two turbulent countries- and having no standing army . Costa Rica was greatly influenced by Spain for its traditions and religion but largely aspire to acquire the ways of Americans. This nation has a lot to offer visitors and despite its small size, it has an outstanding amount of biodiversity, and climate and topography differences. Although the country has had various problems with deforestation and wildlife preservation, they have made a large effort to conserve and create numerous National Parks. Costa Rica is filled with many different interesting aspe cts and could be one of the world’s best kept secrets. Spain has been a large part in the customs that the Costa Ricans hold on to and also in the Roman Catholic beliefs . They have many festivities in their villages that equate to Spain’s traditions, including the festival of The Fiesta Patronal, which is a saint’s day type of tradition. This occurs once a year and is similar to many other fiestas but the difference is that in Costa Rica it’s not complete without bull fights1. Costa Ricans also hold a strong sense of community and find it hard to leave their birthplace. They hold family life high in priority but now they have to move from their villages to a city in order to uphold a career and bring income to their families . Soccer is also a main element in the Ticos’ lives. It’s a national obsession even among the women and its importance to the culture is demonstrated through their enthrallment . The influence that Spain has...

Palliative care- Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Palliative care- - Essay Example Cancer is an incurable condition that is growingly becoming common among the elderly people as well as a bigger segment of the population. With early diagnosis and timely intervention, the patient’s quality of life can be gratefully improved. The challenge of managing chronic pain usually makes many patients to give up the fight to carry on with life. However, there has been progress in better pain management that seeks to extend the life of patients and improve their condition, thus limiting the option for assisted euthanasia. The family is the immediate primary care giver that should be listed in the care of the patient; it forms a useful link in the provision of service in palliative care. They provide psychosocial support and necessary home-based care for the patient. Key decisions that affect the patient’s medical condition should aim to incorporate their decision. Conflict of interests over the individual and family arises when the family’s expectations exceed the individual’s, hence the need to balance societal expectations to meet individual needs. The health care team should provide the best care and support for the patient to meet varying needs of the patient. They have to stick to the guidelines of the nursing or medical care when managing patients in palliative care or at any stage of medical treatment. The necessary link is provided in the Australia guidelines for medical provision of palliative care that stipulates the standards of practice, which should be used as a yard stick for performance. The patient rights are usually guided by the code of standards for practice outlined for reference. The key obligation should always be to ease pain and prolong lives, which are aspects of good care. Laurie’s experience with a terminal illness depicts the moral lessons that the media shapes following events that pity the societal structures in explaining causation that draws parallel from the various arguments, which point to the ideal

The Effects of Cocaine on Behavior Research Paper

The Effects of Cocaine on Behavior - Research Paper Example Scientific studies have discovered that the cause of this euphoria is due to the prevention of a neurotransmitter known as serotonin from being reabsorbed by the neuron that released it, known as the presynaptic neuron. The way that cocaine works is that it stops the reuptake of a number of neurotransmitters, for example, epinephrine and norepinephrine, causing them to stay in the individuals synapses for a longer period of time and exciting the sympathetic nervous system in the process (Yaffe, Briggs & Freeman, 2008). The excitement of the sympathetic nervous system brings about a stress response which results in the euphoria that is experienced by the individual. Though the euphoria that is experienced by the user may be enjoyable during that moment in time, the end results are in no way healthy for the individual, and the temporary pleasure that is experienced is not worth the long term effects that the person risks suffering (Doweiko, 2008).There are numerous effects that the use of cocaine has on an individual, and these effects can be classified into two categories, namely immediate and long term effects. Immediate effects refer to the reactions that occur right after one uses the drugs while the long term effects refer the responses that a person may have further down the line as a result of using the drug for a lengthy period of time (Yaffe, Briggs & Freeman, 2008). Both effects (immediate and long term) influence the behavior of the user, and differences can be seen in their actions and personality.